高考英语语法：英语分词的逻辑主语
一、弄清什么是分词的逻辑主语
分词属非谓语动词，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语，即逻辑主语。如：
I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语)
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)
若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”。如：
I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing 的逻辑宾语)
I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语)
二、弄清分词逻辑主语的易错点
分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，否则会出错。请看下题：
1. Finding her car stolen, ______.
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere
D. she hurried to a policeman for help
此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是a policeman, the area, it 等。
在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动。如：
2. _____ many times, he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though to be told
C. Having told D. He was told
根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同：
3. _____ many times, but he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though he was told
C. To have been told D. He was told
此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。
三、弄清分词逻辑主语的特例
一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况：
1. 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。如：
Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来，女人比男人活得长。
Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed. 从你的话看，他应当能成功。
Considering the distance, he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达得很快。
Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素，你离开。(from www.nmet168.com)
2. 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时用作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致。如：
Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。
Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. 她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。
3. 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题。如：
Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词，意为“假若”)
Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)
4. 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。如：
In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)
四、弄清分词的独立主格结构
在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。如：
误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.
正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。
正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。
解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构。如：
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。
He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成
语法填空是高考改革后的新题型，一般在一篇约200 词左右、难度适中的短文中，设10 个空格，如果不怎么清楚，下面是我为大家整理的关于高考英语语法填空技巧整理，希望对您有所帮助。欢迎大家阅读参考学习!
高考英语语法填空解题技巧
无提示词一般考查：冠词、介词、连词、代词、助动词、固定搭配等
有提示词一般考查：谓语动词、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词等。
具体策略：
(一)、给出动词基本形态，填写词性词形转化(转为名词、形容词)，或填写谓语部分，或是填写非谓语动词;
(二)、给出词语，词性的变化，如名词、动词、形容词、副词之间的转化，名词的复数形式，给出形容词，需要填写比较级、最高级，或词性词形转化，转化为副词，或是填写 反义词 (前缀);
(三)、给出副词，填写比较级、最高级，或是填写反义词;
(四)、不给词语填写限定词的时候，很可能是填冠词、人称代词主格宾格形式，物主代词、反身代词的单复数形式。形容词性物主代词或some、any、other、another等限定词;有的名词前有限定词，比如：序数词，形容词的最高级等，其前用定冠词。
高考英语语法填空不给提示词范例
例：2015课标IIThe adobe dwellings built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ______ most modern of architects and engineers.
答案与分析：the。这里名词由形容词的最高级修饰，因此用定冠词。
例：2015广东He owned ______ farm, which looked almost abandoned.
答案与分析：a。名词farm前应该有冠词，因为在 文章 中第一次出现，所以用不定冠词。
例：2010广东After the student left, the teacher let ______ student taste the water.
答案与分析：another。上文谈到一个学生让老师品尝他从沙漠里带了来的泉水，当那个学生离开后，老师让另一个学生品尝这泉水的味道。根据语境这里填写限定词another。
例：2014广东Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. Some of my friends who had been there before said ______ was a wonderful holiday destination.
答案与分析：it。第二个 句子 中的宾语从句缺主语，这里it代替前文提到过的Miami。
例：2015课标IFor those who fly to Guilin, it?s only an hour away ______ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
答案与分析：by
例：2014课标IIThere were many people waiting at the bus stop, ______ some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.
答案与分析：and。“There were many people waiting at the bus stop”是个完整的句子，“some of them looked very anxious and disappointed.”也是个完整的句子，两句之间是并列关系。
例：2012广东______he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was
wrong.
答案与分析：Although/Though。这里有两个句子，“______ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back”和“he was wrong.”，且两个句子之间没有分号或句号，根据句意可知，第一个句子是让步状语从句。
例：2015课标IIAs natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly ______ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
答案与分析：how。因为“...the Pueblo Indians figured out”和“...the adobe walls needed to be...”是两套主谓关系，即两个句子，它们之间没有句号或分号，空格处必定是填连词;根据句意，确定填写连词how。
例：2014广东I didn?t understand ______ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.
答案与分析：why
例：2015课标II?d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River ______ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.
答案与分析：that/which
例：2013广东His son looked surprised, “I can understand why I shouldn?t pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, _____not save a bit of money?”
答案与分析：why
例：2014课标IIThen the driver stood up and asked, “ _______anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop? ”
答案与分析：Did
总之，以上讲解了语法填空题的部分微技能，例题都来自于高考真题，具有代表性。无论试题如何变化，万变不离其宗，只要牢固掌握英语的语法和词汇知识，就一定能做好语法填空题中的纯空格填空题。
高考英语语法填空有提示词范例
例：2015课标II?d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese ______ (painting).
答案与分析：paintings。该词前面有限定词many，因此用复数形式。
例：2014课标IWhile there are amazing stories of instant transformation, for most of us the ______ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. 答案与分析：changes。该词后面的动词是复数形式，因此change用复数形式。
例：2015课标IFinally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is ______ (clean) than ever.
答案与分析cleaner
例：2015课标IIIn addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ______ (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.
答案与分析ability
例：2015课标IIAs ______ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
答案与分析natural
例：2015课标IIWalls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat ______ (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house.
答案与分析slowly
例.2014课标IJust be ______ (patience).
答案与分析patient
例：2015课标IIThis cycle ______ (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset(抵消) for the outside temperatures.
答案与分析：goes。根据句中的时间状语day after day和后面的句子中使用的时态，可以确定该动词用一般现在时态形式，主语是单数，因此动词用数三人称单数形式。
例：2015课标IIt was raining lightly when I ______ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
答案与分析：arrived。所给动词arrive前是代词I，这里应该是谓语动词，因为主句的时态是过去时态，因此这里用过去时态。
例：2015课标IIWhen a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ______ (cool) the house during the hot day; at the same time, they warm up again for the night.
答案与分析to cool
例：2015课标IAbercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ______ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
答案与分析living
例：2015课标IA study of travelers ______ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
答案与分析conducted
例：2010广东He spit it out, ______ (say) it was awful.
答案与分析：saying。在这里say前没有并列连词，因此可以推断不是并列谓语，是非谓语动词，又因为say与主语he的关系是主动关系，因此用现在分词。
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