江苏英语高考试卷(2014年高考英语江苏卷)

Most damagingly, anger weakens a person’s ability to think clearly and keep control over his behaviour. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.

最具破坏性的是，愤怒削弱了一个人清晰思考和控制自己行为的能力。愤怒的人在评估引起他愤怒的人或情况的情感意义时会失去客观性。

Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what angers one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces.In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.We no longer regard duels as an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person’s awareness of insulting behaviour on the part of another.

并非每个人都以同样的方式经历愤怒；激怒一个人的事可能会逗乐另一个人。基于生物和文化力量，愤怒的具体表达也因人而异。在当代文化中，愤怒的身体表达通常被认为对社会危害太大，无法容忍。我们不再将决斗视为一个人意识到另一个人的侮辱行为而产生的愤怒的适当表达。

Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left prefrontal areas. Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren’t balanced and, as a result of this, we’re likely to react.And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.

愤怒可以在大脑中识别出来，那里的电活动会发生变化。在大多数情况下，脑电图(脑电图) 电活动测量显示左右前额叶的活动平衡(额叶前部) 区域。在行为上，这与一般的公平处置相对应(意向) 我们大多数人拥有大部分时间。但当我们愤怒时，左右前额叶的脑电图并不平衡，因此，我们可能会做出反应。我们对愤怒的行为反应不同于我们对其他情绪的反应，无论是积极的还是消极的。

愤怒可以在大脑中识别出来，那里的电活动会发生变化。在大多数情况下，脑电图对电活动的测量显示左右前额叶区域的活动平衡。从行为上来说，这与我们大多数人在大多数时候所拥有的一般中立意向相对应。但当我们愤怒时，左右前额叶的脑电图并不平衡，因此，我们可能会做出反应。我们对愤怒的行为反应不同于我们对其他情绪的反应，无论是积极的还是消极的。

Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behaviour: we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us anxious.But anger is an exception to this pattern.The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response. In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.

大多数积极情绪都与趋向行为有关：我们更接近我们喜欢的人。相比之下，大多数负面情绪都与回避行为有关：我们远离我们不喜欢或让我们焦虑的人和事。但愤怒是这种模式的一个例外。我们越愤怒，就越有可能走向愤怒的目标。这与心理学家所说的冒犯性愤怒相对应：愤怒的人走近一些，以影响和控制引起他愤怒的人或情况。这种方法和对抗行为伴随着脑电图活动的左前额叶不对称。有趣的是，如果愤怒的人能够体验到对做出愤怒反应的人的同理心，这种不对称就会减轻。相反，在防御性愤怒中，脑电图的不对称性指向右侧，愤怒的人在愤怒激发的情况下感到无助。

Usually, when your teacher asks a question, there is only one correct answer. But there is one question that has millions of current answers. That question is "What's your name?" Everyone gives a different answer，but everyone is correct.

通常，当你的老师问一个问题时，只有一个正确答案。但有一个问题目前有数百万个答案，这个问题就是“你叫什么名字？”每个人给出不同的答案，但每个人都是正确的。

Have you ever wondered about people's names? Where do they come from? What do they mean?

你有没有想过人们的名字？它们来自哪里？是什么意思

People's first names, or given names, are chosen by their parents. Sometimes the name of a grandparent or other member of the family is used. Some parents choose the name of a well-known person．A boy could be named George Washington Smith; a girl could be named Helen Keller Jones.

人们的名字由父母决定。有时使用祖父母或其他家庭成员的名字。一些父母选择名人的名字，男孩可以叫乔治·华盛顿·史密斯，女孩可以叫海伦·凯勒·琼斯。

Some people give their children names that mean good things．Clara means"bright"; Beatrice means "one who gives happiness"; Donald means"world ruler"; Leonard means"as brave as a lion"．

有些人给孩子起的名字意味着好的寓意。Clara（克拉拉）的意思是“聪明的”；Beatrice（比阿特丽斯）的意思是“给人幸福的人”；Donald（唐纳德）的意思是“世界统治者”；Leonard（伦纳德）的意思是“像狮子一样勇敢”。

The earliest last names, or surnames, were taken from place names. A family with the name Brook or Brooks probably lived near brook; someone who was called Longstreet probably lived on a long, paved road. The Greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest．

最早的姓氏来自地名。Brook（布鲁克）或Brooks（布鲁克斯）家族可能住在brook（小溪）旁；一个叫Longstreet的人可能住在一条长长的公路上。Greenwood一家住在一片茂密的森林里或附近。

Other early surnames came from people's occupations. The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. In the past, smiths were very important workers in every town and village. Some other occupational names are: Carter﹣a person who owned or drove a cart; Potter﹣a person who made pots and pans．

其他早期姓氏来自人们的职业。最常见的职业名称是Smith，意思是用铁或其他金属制造物品的人。过去，smith是每个城镇和村庄非常重要的工人。其他一些职业名称是：Carter﹣拥有或驾驶手推车的人；Potter﹣制造锅碗瓢盆的人。

The ancestors of the Baker family probably baked bread for their neighbors in their native village．The Carpenter's great-great-great-grandfather probably built houses and furniture. Sometimes people were known for the color of their hair or skin, or their size, or their special abilities. When there were two men who were named John in the same village, the John with the gray hair probably became John Gray. Or the John was very tall could call himself John Tallman. John Fish was probably an excellent swimmer and John Lightfoot was probably a fast runner or a good dancer.

Baker（贝克）家族的祖先可能为他们家乡的邻居烤面包。Carpenter的远祖可能建造房屋和家具。有时，人们因头发或皮肤的颜色、体型或特殊能力而闻名。当同一个村子里有两个叫John（约翰）的人时，灰色头发的约翰可能会变成John Gray。或者John很高，可以称自己为John Tallman。John Fish可能是一名优秀的游泳运动员，John Lightfoot可能是一名跑步运动员或优秀的舞者。

Some family names were made by adding something to the father's name. English-speaking people added -s or -son. The Johnsons are descendants of John; the Roberts family's ancestor was Robert. Irish and Scottish people added Mac or Mc or O. Perhaps all of the MacDonnells and the McDonnells and the O'Donnells are descendants of the same Donnell.

有些姓氏是在父亲的名字上加了一些字母。说英语添加-s获-son。Johnsons一家是John的后代；Roberts一家的祖先是Robert。爱尔兰和苏格兰人添加Mac或Mc或O。也许所有的MacDonnells家族、McDonnells家族和O'Donnells家族都是Donnell家族的后代。